The "guilty act." It is the physical component of a crime. No act, no crime!

The "guilty mind." It is the mental element, the intention to commit a crime.

A famous maxim meaning "Where there is a right, there is a remedy." The law will provide a way to enforce a right.

The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within India.

No person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. Remember the order!

Libel is written defamation (permanent). Slander is spoken defamation (transient). Both harm reputation!

Holding one person responsible for the actions of another, like an employer for an employee's torts.

Offer + Acceptance + Consideration + Intention to create legal relations = A valid contract.

A void contract is invalid from the start. A voidable contract is valid until one party chooses to cancel it.

Theft is taking property without consent. Extortion is getting property by threatening harm.

A powerful writ that means "You may have the body." It protects against unlawful detention.

Parliament can amend the Constitution, but it cannot alter its "basic structure." A landmark ruling from Kesavananda Bharati case.

The famous "snail in the bottle" case that established the modern concept of negligence and the "neighbour principle".

A maxim meaning "the thing speaks for itself." Used in torts when negligence is obvious from the facts.

A Latin phrase meaning "something for something." It's the foundation of consideration in a contract.

A presumption in criminal law that a child under a certain age is incapable of having criminal intent.

India is "quasi-federal," a union of states with a strong central government, combining federal and unitary features.

Known as the "Mini-Constitution" for its vast changes, it added "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" to the Preamble.

The President can pardon a death sentence (Article 72), but a Governor cannot (Article 161).

You cannot be tried for the same crime twice. Protected under Article 20(2) of the Constitution.

Declared a Fundamental Right under Article 21 by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy case.

Allows any public-spirited citizen to file a lawsuit on behalf of a group that cannot do so themselves.

The "People's Court." A form of alternative dispute resolution where disputes are settled by compromise.

The President (Art. 123) and Governor (Art. 213) can issue laws when Parliament/Legislature is not in session.

A key principle of natural justice: "No one should be a judge in their own cause." Rule against bias!

Another principle of natural justice: "Let the other side be heard." Right to a fair hearing.

Temporarily transferring possession of goods to another person for a specific purpose (e.g., giving a watch for repair).

A type of bailment where goods are delivered as security for a loan. Think "pawn shop".

A contract that depends on the happening or non-happening of a future event (e.g., an insurance contract).

The Supreme Court struck down Section 497 of the IPC, decriminalizing adultery. It remains a ground for divorce.

These are goals and guidelines for the state, but unlike Fundamental Rights, they are not enforceable in court.

Justice M. Fathima Beevi was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of India in 1989.

Called by the President (Art. 108) to resolve a deadlock on a bill between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. The Speaker decides if a bill is a Money Bill or not.

Subjects on which both the Union and State governments can make laws (e.g., education, forests).

Assault is the threat of force. Battery is the actual use of force.

Unlawful interference with a person's use or enjoyment of their land.

A strict legal standard for hazardous activities. No exceptions if harm occurs!

The highest law officer in the country, appointed by the President. Has the right to speak in Parliament.

The time immediately following the Question Hour. An Indian parliamentary innovation.

A DPSP under Article 44, aiming for one law for all citizens in personal matters like marriage and divorce.

A constitutional right under Article 326. The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 by the 61st Amendment.

Primary sources include legislation, precedents (judgments), and customs.

Bail granted to a person in anticipation of an arrest. A pre-arrest legal remedy.

Information recorded by the police about a cognizable offence. It sets the criminal law process in motion.

A legal doctrine meaning "a matter decided." Prevents the same case from being tried again.

A legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property after death.

A contract to save a party from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or any other person.

A contract to perform the promise or discharge the liability of a third person in case of their default.